Members of the Pakistani transgender community dance at a party in Peshawar

Farzana draws all eyes when she dances, with the twist of her hips and hair-but today she is above all the voice of a Pakistani community with an ambiguous status: the khawajasiras. The 30-year-old is a guru, a matriarch at the head of a "family" of several hundred khawajasiras, an umbrella term in Pakistan denoting a third sex that includes transsexuals, transvestites and eunuchs.  She is co-founder and president of TransAction, a rights organization launched in 2015 in Peshawar, capital of deeply conservative Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. Faced with brutal aggression and daily humiliation, this solid Pashtun, whose hoarse voice betrays her birth sex, "filed complaints in almost every KP police station"-but in vain.

"More than 50 khawajasiras were killed in 2015 and 2016 in KP alone," she says, recounting with fatalistic calm how she was repeatedly raped and blackmailed by police. The status of khawajasiras-also known as hijras-is opaque in Pakistan to say the least. Modern-day Pakistani transgender people claim to be cultural heirs of the eunuchs who thrived at the courts of the Mughal emperors that ruled the Indian subcontinent for two centuries until the British arrived in the 19th century and banned them. Later, Pakistan became one of the first countries in the world to legally recognize a third sex. They number at least half a million people in the country, according to several studies-up to two million, say TransAction.

Since 2009, they have been able to obtain an identity card as "khawajasiras", and several have run in elections. A Lahore court has ruled they should be counted in the next census, set to be held this year. Like Farzana, many earn their living by being called upon for rituals such as blessing newborns or to bring life to weddings and parties as dancers-and, sometimes, in more clandestine ways. But despite these signs of integration they live daily as pariahs, often reduced to begging and prostitution, subjected to extortion and discrimination.

Media empathy

The catalyst for TransAction's mobilization in Peshawar was the exclusion of transgenders from aid to populations fleeing Talebanisation and fighting in the tribal areas on the border with Afghanistan. Sohana, 24, fled in 2008 from Kurram tribal district, where the Taleban had banished dancing and music, and forced men to grow beards.  "If I had stayed, I would be dead by now," she says.  But in Peshawar, the UN helped only displaced families. "We had no help from anyone... We started protesting," says the young woman, concealing beneath her shawl the curves she has created with silicone implants. "Many people spoke out, saying that people like us also need to have our rights respected," says Sohana, who nevertheless despairs of ever being tolerated by her family.

TransAction now has 40,000 followers on its Facebook page, and local newspapers have become sympathetic in their coverage of hijras, reviving the debate on their status in Pakistan.  "A lot of NGOs have worked with the transgender community, but mostly focused on HIV, whereas (TransAction's) priority was protection from violence, harassment, attacks and extortion," said Qamar Naseem, a women's rights activist who helped TransAction to be heard. Perhaps the most famous case to be highlighted was that of Alisha, who died after an assault in May last year because, her supporters said, she did not receive treatment at the gender-segregated hospital in Peshawar in time due to her identity.

Creations of Allah

Against all odds, conservative and Islamist lawmakers are sensitive to their cause.  "They are a creature of God. Allah's creation. They should have their rights, as we have," said conservative MP Amina Sardar, who spearheaded legislation supporting political franchise for khawajasiras. "This is what I preach. Hijras are Muslim, same human beings (as us), with the same rights," said Mullah Tayyab Qureshi, imam of the main Peshawar mosque.  Several support measures have already been voted in, and KP is working on a transgender protection program which, if passed, will become the second adopted by a province in South Asia, Nasim said.

But access to education and employment is a major challenge for these women.  Most khawajasiras say they have been abandoned or bullied to the point of fleeing their families, often as they approach adolescence, when their effeminate behavior becomes intolerable in a patriarchal society where homosexuality is illegal. The community is also weakened by the practices of some so-called "gurus" who act as merciless pimps, exploiting disoriented young people instead of behaving as the protective adoptive mothers most pride themselves on being.

Paro, who left her parents and school aged 11, was prostituted, raped, and shot before joining TransAction.  "I've liked dancing since I was a child, but nobody respects that," she sighs. She cut down on her dance performances and launched a small embroidery business after the killing of her friend Alisha. In her sweet pink room, she creates flamboyant outfits for other hijras.  On the wall, two screens: one broadcasts music clips, but the other is the video surveillance she installed in front of her door-six TransAction leaders have been assaulted because of their activism.-AFP

Marriage, sex, and being LGBT in Pakistan

Pakistan's transgender community, known as "khawajasiras" or "hijras", are now fighting for change.   Usually shunned by their families, the victims of beatings and rapes, they are often condemned to a life of begging or prostitution.  The situation is complicated by the deeply conservative, traditional Muslim country's views of sex and sexuality.

Sex in Pakistan

The law only permits heterosexual relationships within marriage. Sexual relations outside marriage are punishable by imprisonment. For women, virginity is an important condition for marriage, the vast majority of which are still agreed and arranged by parents and family members. The suspicion of an unlawful love relationship, or even regular communication with a man, could see a woman killed by her relatives in the name of "honor".

What if you're gay?

Homosexuality, prohibited by Islam, is punishable by 10 years imprisonment or even 100 lashes. While homosexuals are viewed with derision, in the case of men, few would identify themselves as gay so long as they are the "active" partner. Homosexuals identified as "passive" are ostracized in patriarchal Pakistan. Known as zenana, they wear men's clothes but display effeminate behavior. Some from this group form a community who are traditionally both close to and rivals of the hijras, the third sex.  Lesbians, meanwhile, are all but invisible.

What is the third sex?

Hijras, or khawajasiras, are those born male but who identify as women. They are perceived as a third sex and have been able to hold Pakistani identity cards since 2009.  There is no term for women who identify as men. In Islam, a Surah popular among the hijras says Allah "creates what He wants"-"girls", "boys", or "both boys and girls".  Sexual intercourse between a man and a hijra is not considered homosexuality, even if it amounts to the same action.

How do hijras see themselves?

Almost all hijras claim they have been born in a man's body with "a woman's mind". They say they are cultural heirs to a glorious past as eunuchs during the Mughal dynasty, when they were part of the elite-as harem guardians, artists, but also generals, like Malik Kafur in the fourteenth century. Some Hijras use hormones and silicone to enhance their feminine features, often injected without proper medical supervision, to shape their bodies-but full, expensive sex-reassignment operations cannot be done in Pakistan. Their effeminate behavior can cause families to reject them, and they often end up in the power of a so-called "guru", with the risk of commercial sexual exploitation that implies.-AFP